question no 1
answer:-
The interrogator doesn't know which one is the room where
is the machine and which one is the room where is the human. Have to guess,
from the answers, what is the room where is each one (assuming that the machine
will lie when be questioned about its human condition).
If the interrogator
doesn't find out where is each one, with a hit rate higher than expected by
random, it will consider that the machine is sufficiently intelligent to
impersonate a human.
Against the validity of the Turing test, to probe that a
machine is intelligent, is the idea that seem intelligent is not the same that
be intelligent.
To show it, John
Searle proposed the mental experiment of the Chinese room, that consist in a
person, that doesn't know Chinese, closed in a room with the manuals of rules
and symbols to translate the Chinese.
Outside of the room,
someone give to him, through a slot, texts in a paper wrote in Chinese, and
with the help of the manuals he translate and answer them, making believe to
the person outside the room that really knows Chinese.
The idea that wants transmit John Searle with this
experiment is that the machine makes the things neither knowing what is doing,
nor why it does, simply apply a rules that someone have put there.
Here emerge the dichotomy of artificial intelligence, in
the strong AI and the weak AI.
The strong AI, the branch in that it think that simulate be
intelligent is the same that be intelligent and therefore a machine can have
the same intelligence of a human.
The weak AI, is the branch of the ones that think as Searle
that know a rules and know apply it without knowing what is the reason of that,
is not to be intelligent and therefore, the intelligence of a machine never
could be like the human.
The supporters of the strong AI, say that the system,
formed by the person inside the room and the manuals, is possible that
understand Chinese, the weak AI, answer to it saying that the system doesn't
understand what it is doing, only executes an action.
Me, personally, I'm in
the side of the strong AI, because for me, the weak AI always talk about the
human intelligence as superior because the human knows that is applying
determinate rules to achieved a target, that is the same that says that the
differentiator element between the human intelligence and the machine is the
conscious thought, but really, us also we do a lot of things in a unconscious
way, in the same way that the machines do it.
Extrapolating this to the
experiment of the Chinese room, we could look at the difference between have the
manuals inside or outside the head. When we have learned a language, we have
the manuals in the mind and we apply the rules unconsciously in a mechanical
way, without knowing how we do it, how if we were machines. That is to say,
that the fact of apply a rules without knowing that you are applying it in a
unconscious way, doesn't produce an answer more intelligent than apply it a
conscious way, knowing that the you are applying it and why. Therefore, both
kinds of intelligence, conscious and unconscious, for practical purposes are
equivalent. But the key difference, the conscience, perhaps doesn't exist,
would be only an algorithm more. That is to say, a set of rules that would
apply mechanically our brain to make us believe that we are conscious, and we wouldn't
be more than biological machines without power of decision. Is very difficult
to accept ideas like that we are machines and our conscience isn't more than
our brain creating the sensation that we control our thoughts. But, if a
hypothesis is more feared, doesn't mean that would be less true. For instance,
is more easy believed that when we die we will follow existing in a
supernatural way, that assume the rational and logic, that we will disappear
definitively. The fact of think that really we don't have conscience but our
brain makes us believe that we have it, is a thought a lot of more disturbing
because we have to admit that we haven't freewill. This is terrible, is
practically as think that never we have existed.
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